Photobiomodulation and its potential in treating irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent and chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and altered bowel habits. The underlying pathophysiology of IBS is multifactorial, involving gut–brain axis dysregulation, intestinal barrier dysfunction, and imbalances in the gut microbiota. Current therapeutic approaches primarily aim to alleviate symptoms often yielding inconsistent outcomes, highlighting the need for better interventions. Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy, which involves the application of specific wavelengths of light to modulate cellular activity, has emerged as a promising non-invasive strategy for IBS. PBM primarily targets mitochondrial function, enhancing adenosine triphosphate production, reducing oxidative stress, and promoting cellular repair and resilience. These effects collectively contribute to reduced inflammation, improved gut barrier integrity, and modulation of the neural and immune pathways relevant to IBS. Recent evidence suggests that PBM favorably influence the gut microbiome composition and function and reduce neuroinflammation, both considered key contributors to IBS symptomatology. This review critically examines preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the use of PBM in the context of IBS, exploring its mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. By addressing multiple pathophysiological targets, PBM represents a novel and potentially transformative approach for managing IBS, particularly in patients unresponsive to conventional therapies.